### Home Classes Methods

### Files

- CHANGELOG
- MIT-LICENSE
- README.rdoc
- active_record.rdoc
- advanced_associations.rdoc
- association_basics.rdoc
- cheat_sheet.rdoc
- dataset_basics.rdoc
- dataset_filtering.rdoc
- mass_assignment.rdoc
- migration.rdoc
- model_hooks.rdoc
- opening_databases.rdoc
- prepared_statements.rdoc
- querying.rdoc
- reflection.rdoc
- 1.0.txt
- 1.1.txt
- 1.3.txt
- 1.4.0.txt
- 1.5.0.txt
- 2.0.0.txt
- 2.1.0.txt
- 2.10.0.txt
- 2.11.0.txt
- 2.12.0.txt
- 2.2.0.txt
- 2.3.0.txt
- 2.4.0.txt
- 2.5.0.txt
- 2.6.0.txt
- 2.7.0.txt
- 2.8.0.txt
- 2.9.0.txt
- 3.0.0.txt
- 3.1.0.txt
- 3.10.0.txt
- 3.11.0.txt
- 3.12.0.txt
- 3.13.0.txt
- 3.14.0.txt
- 3.15.0.txt
- 3.16.0.txt
- 3.17.0.txt
- 3.18.0.txt
- 3.19.0.txt
- 3.2.0.txt
- 3.20.0.txt
- 3.21.0.txt
- 3.22.0.txt
- 3.23.0.txt
- 3.24.0.txt
- 3.25.0.txt
- 3.26.0.txt
- 3.27.0.txt
- 3.28.0.txt
- 3.29.0.txt
- 3.3.0.txt
- 3.30.0.txt
- 3.31.0.txt
- 3.32.0.txt
- 3.33.0.txt
- 3.4.0.txt
- 3.5.0.txt
- 3.6.0.txt
- 3.7.0.txt
- 3.8.0.txt
- 3.9.0.txt
- schema_modification.rdoc
- sharding.rdoc
- sql.rdoc
- testing.rdoc
- transactions.rdoc
- validations.rdoc
- virtual_rows.rdoc

### Class Index

Quicksearch

- Sequel
- Sequel::ADO
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- Sequel::JDBC::SQLServer::DatabaseMethods::MetadataDatasetMethods
- Sequel::JDBC::SQLServer::Dataset
- Sequel::JDBC::SQLite
- Sequel::JDBC::SQLite::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::JDBC::SQLite::Dataset
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- Sequel::Plugins::InstanceHooks
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- Sequel::Plugins::JsonSerializer
- Sequel::Plugins::JsonSerializer::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::JsonSerializer::DatasetMethods
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- Sequel::Plugins::JsonSerializer::Literal
- Sequel::Plugins::LazyAttributes
- Sequel::Plugins::LazyAttributes::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::LazyAttributes::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::List
- Sequel::Plugins::List::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::List::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::ManyThroughMany
- Sequel::Plugins::ManyThroughMany::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::ManyThroughMany::DatasetMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::ManyThroughMany::ManyThroughManyAssociationReflection
- Sequel::Plugins::NestedAttributes
- Sequel::Plugins::NestedAttributes::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::NestedAttributes::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::OptimisticLocking
- Sequel::Plugins::OptimisticLocking::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::OptimisticLocking::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatements
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatements::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatements::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsAssociations
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsAssociations::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsAssociations::InstanceMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsSafe
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsSafe::ClassMethods
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- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsWithPk
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsWithPk::ClassMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::PreparedStatementsWithPk::DatasetMethods
- Sequel::Plugins::RcteTree
- Sequel::Plugins::Schema
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- Sequel::Plugins::SerializationModificationDetection
- Sequel::Plugins::SerializationModificationDetection::InstanceMethods
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- Sequel::Plugins::StringStripper
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- Sequel::Plugins::Subclasses
- Sequel::Plugins::Subclasses::ClassMethods
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- Sequel::Plugins::TacticalEagerLoading::DatasetMethods
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- Sequel::Plugins::Tree::SingleRoot::InstanceMethods
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- Sequel::PoolTimeout
- Sequel::PoolTimeout
- Sequel::Postgres
- Sequel::Postgres::AdapterMethods
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- Sequel::Postgres::DatasetMethods
- Sequel::Postgres::DatasetMethods::PreparedStatementMethods
- Sequel::PrettyTable
- Sequel::Progress
- Sequel::Progress::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::Progress::DatasetMethods
- Sequel::Qualifier
- Sequel::Rollback
- Sequel::Rollback
- Sequel::SQL
- Sequel::SQL::AliasMethods
- Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression
- Sequel::SQL::BitwiseMethods
- Sequel::SQL::Blob
- Sequel::SQL::BooleanConstant
- Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression
- Sequel::SQL::BooleanMethods
- Sequel::SQL::CaseExpression
- Sequel::SQL::Cast
- Sequel::SQL::CastMethods
- Sequel::SQL::ColumnAll
- Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression
- Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpressionMethods
- Sequel::SQL::Constant
- Sequel::SQL::Constants
- Sequel::SQL::Expression
- Sequel::SQL::Function
- Sequel::SQL::GenericComplexExpression
- Sequel::SQL::GenericExpression
- Sequel::SQL::Identifier
- Sequel::SQL::IdentifierMethods
- Sequel::SQL::InequalityMethods
- Sequel::SQL::JoinClause
- Sequel::SQL::JoinOnClause
- Sequel::SQL::JoinUsingClause
- Sequel::SQL::NegativeBooleanConstant
- Sequel::SQL::NoBooleanInputMethods
- Sequel::SQL::NumericExpression
- Sequel::SQL::NumericMethods
- Sequel::SQL::OrderMethods
- Sequel::SQL::OrderedExpression
- Sequel::SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString
- Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
- Sequel::SQL::QualifyingMethods
- Sequel::SQL::StringConcatenationMethods
- Sequel::SQL::StringExpression
- Sequel::SQL::StringMethods
- Sequel::SQL::Subscript
- Sequel::SQL::SubscriptMethods
- Sequel::SQL::ValueList
- Sequel::SQL::ValueList
- Sequel::SQL::VirtualRow
- Sequel::SQL::Window
- Sequel::SQL::WindowFunction
- Sequel::SQLTime
- Sequel::SQLite
- Sequel::SQLite::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::SQLite::DatasetMethods
- Sequel::Schema
- Sequel::Schema::AlterTableGenerator
- Sequel::Schema::Generator
- Sequel::ServerBlock
- Sequel::ShardedSingleConnectionPool
- Sequel::ShardedThreadedConnectionPool
- Sequel::SimpleMigration
- Sequel::SingleConnectionPool
- Sequel::Swift
- Sequel::Swift::Database
- Sequel::Swift::Dataset
- Sequel::Swift::MySQL
- Sequel::Swift::MySQL::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::Swift::MySQL::Dataset
- Sequel::Swift::Postgres
- Sequel::Swift::Postgres::AdapterMethods
- Sequel::Swift::Postgres::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::Swift::Postgres::Dataset
- Sequel::Swift::SQLite
- Sequel::Swift::SQLite::DatabaseMethods
- Sequel::Swift::SQLite::Dataset
- Sequel::ThreadLocalTimezones
- Sequel::ThreadedConnectionPool
- Sequel::ThreadedServerBlock
- Sequel::TimestampMigrator
- Sequel::Timezones
- Sequel::TinyTDS
- Sequel::TinyTDS::Database
- Sequel::TinyTDS::Dataset
- Sequel::TinyTDS::Dataset::ArgumentMapper
- Sequel::TinyTDS::Dataset::PreparedStatementMethods
- Sequel::ToDot
- Sequel::UnbindDuplicate
- Sequel::Unbinder
- Sequel::UndefinedAssociation
- Sequel::UnthreadedServerBlock
- Sequel::ValidationFailed
- Dataset
- Dataset::ArgumentMapper
- Dataset::BindArgumentMethods
- Dataset::PreparedStatementMethods
- String
- String::Inflections
- Array
- FalseClass
- Hash
- NilClass
- Numeric
- Object
- PGconn
- PGresult
- Proc
- Symbol
- TrueClass

No matching classes.

Model Improvements

- one_to_many/many_to_many associations now support a :limit option, adding a limit/offset to the records returned. This was possible before using a block, so it is just added for convenience.

- Associations now support a :read_only option, which doesn’t create methods that modify the database.

- Associations now support a :graph_select option, which allows specifying the columns of associated models to include when using eager_graph.

- one_to_many associations now have a :one_to_one option. When used it creates a getter and setter method similar to many_to_one. This fills the same role as ActiveRecord’s has_one, but it is implemented as a couple of convenience methods over one_to_many, so it still requires that you specify the association name as a plural.

- Model datasets now have to_hash augmented so that it can be called without any arguments, in which case it yields an identity map (a hash with keys being primary key values and values being model instances).

- The Model.set_sti_key method was added, for easily setting up single table inheritance. It should be called only in the parent class.

- Calls to def_dataset_method with a block are now cached and reapplied to the new dataset if set_dataset is called afterward, or in a subclass.

- All validation methods can now be made conditional via an :if option, which takes either a symbol (which specifies an instance method) or a proc (which is instance_evaled).

- Model#set and Model#update have been added back, they are now aliases of # and #.

- Models now have set_only/set_except/update_only/update_except instance methods that take a hash (like you would provide to set or update) and additional arguments specifying which columns to allow or disallow.

- Models now have a set_allowed_columns and set_restricted_columns methods, which operate similarly to ActiveRecord’s attr_accessible and attr_protected. It is recommend that you use the set_only or update_only instead of these methods, though. You can ignore the allowed or restricted columns by using # or #.

- The primary key column(s) is restricted by default. To allow it to be set via new/set/update, use:

        Sequel::Model.unrestrict_primary_key # Global
        Artist.unrestrict_primary_key # Per Class

- It is now easy to override the one_to_many/many_to_many association methods that modify the database (add_/remove_/remove_all_), as they have been broken into two methods, one that handles the caching features and a private one (prepended with an _) that handles the database changes (and which you can easily override without worrying about the caching).

Table Joining

Dataset#join_table got a nice overhaul. You can now use any join type your database allows:

      DB[:artist].join_table(:natural, :albums)
      DB[:numbers].join_table(:cross, :numbers)

You can now specify the conditions as

- String: “a.b = c.d“ # ON a.b = c.d

- Expression :x < :y # ON x < y

- Array of Symbols: [:x, :y, :z] # USING (x, y, z)

- nil # no conditions, used for NATURAL or CROSS joins

Dataset#join_table also takes a block that yields three arguments:

- join_table_alias - The alias/name of the table currently being joined

- last_join_table_alias - The alias name of the last table joined (if there was one) or the first FROM table (if not).

- joins - An array of JoinClause objects for all previous joins in the query.

Using the block you can specify conditions for complex joins without needing to know in advance what table aliases will be used.

Expanded SQL Syntax Support

SQL Case statements are now supported directly using hashes or arrays:

      {:x > 1 => 1}.case(0)
      # CASE WHEN x > 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
      [[{:x=>1}, 0], [:x < 1, 1], [:x > 1, 2]].case(-1)
      # CASE WHEN x = 1 THEN 0 WHEN x < 1 THEN 1 WHEN x > 1 THEN 2
        ELSE -1 END

You should use an array instead of a hash for multiple conditions unless all conditions are orthogonal.

The SQL extract function has special syntax:

      EXTRACT(day FROM date)

This syntax is now supported via the following ruby code:

      :date.extract(:day)

Other Notable Changes

- The sequel command line tool can now run migrations. The -m option specifies the directory holding the migration files, and the -M options specifies the version to which to migrate.

- The PostgreSQL adapter supports nested transactions/savepoints.

- The schema parser now understands decimal fields, and will typecast to BigDecimal.

- PostgreSQL’s numeric type is now recognized and returned as BigDecimal.

- HAVING now comes before ORDER BY, which most databases seem to prefer. If your database wants HAVING after ORDER BY, please let us know.

- Symbol#qualify now exists, to specify the table name for a given symbol, similar to the use of # to specify an alias. This is mainly helpful in conjuction with the # block, as that provides the table aliases to use to qualify the columns inside the block.

- BitwiseMethods (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>) have been added to the NumericExpression class, so you can do the following:

  (x + 1) ^ 10 # SQL: (x + 1) ^ 10 ~(x + 1) # SQL: ~(x + 1)

  Usually, &, |, and ~ operate in a logical manner, but for NumericExpressions, they take on their usual bitwise meaning, since logical operations only make sense for booleans.

- # and # exist for Symbols, Strings, and other Sequel Expressions, which return the results casted and wrapped in either NumericExpression or StringExpression, so you can use the BitwiseMethods (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>) or StringConcatenationMethods (+) directly.

# Dataset#to_hash can take only one argument, in which case it uses

      that argument to specify the key, and uses the entire hash for the
      value.

# Dataset#graph can now take an array of columns to select from the

      joined table via the :select option.

# Dataset#filter and similar methods now combine the block and

      regular argument conditions if both are given, instead of ignoring
      the regular argument conditions.

# Dataset#filter(false) can now be used to make sure that no records

      are returned.  Dataset#filter(true) also works, but it's a no-op.
      Before, these raised errors.

# Dataset#count does a subquery for a dataset using DISTINCT, since

      the otherwise it would yield a count for the query without
      DISTINCT.

ParseTree Support Officially Deprecated

The support for ParseTree-based block filters has officially been deprecated and will be removed in Sequel 2.2. To use the expression filters (which don’t require ParseTree) inside blocks, use:

      SEQUEL_NO_PARSE_TREE = true
      require 'sequel'
      # OR
      require 'sequel'
      Sequel.use_parse_tree = false

This is the default if ParseTree cannot be loaded. If ParseTree can be loaded, it remains the default, in order not to immediately break existing code.

With this set, you can use the expression filters inside of blocks:

      dataset.filter{((:x + 1) & 10 < :y) & :z}

That doesn’t gain you all that much, but there are some methods that feed block arguments into filter, such as the following:

      dataset.first(5){((:x + 1) & 10 < :y) & :z}

Which will get you the first 5 records matching the condition.

Backwards Incompatible Changes

- To change the datetime classe used from Time to DateTime, you now use:

        Sequel.datetime_class = DateTime # instead of Sequel.time_class

- Models now raise errors if you try to access a missing or restricted method via new/set/update, instead of just silently skipping that parameter. To get the old behavior:

        Sequel::Model.strict_param_setting = false

- The association_dataset method now takes into account the :eager option and the block argument, where it didn’t before. It also takes into account the new :limit option.

- Association methods now raise errors in most cases if the model doesn’t have a valid primary key.

- Dataset#join_table used to allow a symbol as a conditions argument as a shortcut for a hash:

        DB[:artist].join(:albums, :artist_id)
        # ON albums.artist_id = artists.id

  With the changes to #, this no longer works. It would now be interpreted as a boolean column:

        DB[:artist].join(:albums, :artist_id)
        # ON artists.id

  Use the following slightly longer version for the old behavior:

        DB[:artist].join(:albums, :artist_id=>:id)
        # ON albums.artist_id = artists.id

- MySQL users need to be careful when upgrading, the following code will once again cause an error:

        DB[:artists].each{|artist| DB[:albums].each{|album| ...}}

  To fix it, change the code to:

        DB[:artists].all{|artist| DB[:albums].each{|album| ...}}

  The issue is the MySQL adapter doesn’t release the database connection while running each, and the second call to each gets the same database connection (while the other query is still running), because it is in the same thread. Using # for the outside query ensures that the database connection is released before the block is called.

  The reason for this change was that the workaround provided for MySQL could potentially cause issues with transactions for all adapters.

- String#asc and String#desc are no longer defined, as ordering on a plain string column should be a no-op. They are still defined on LiteralStrings.

- You can no longer abuse the SQL::Function syntax to use a table alias with specified columns (e.g. :table[:col1, :col2, :col3]) or to cast to types (e.g. :x.cast_as(:varchar[20])). Use a LiteralString in both cases.

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